The Man Who Broke France
There have been few people in history who have created as much havoc outside of war, and who are so little remembered as John Law, a rake, murderer, gambler, and brilliant rogue economist. He was the first to introduce paper money to Europe, which led to the bankruptcy of France, which in turn gave a major leg-up to the nascent British Empire. In an era of bubbles, tulips, and other financial manias, he was the outstanding maniac. Born in 1671, he was fortunate. His father, William, was a financier and dealer in gold. Precious metals were the linchpin of mercantilism, the dominant economic ideology of the age. An objective of trade was its accumulation. The goldsmiths had safes where people could store their gold, getting a receipt in the process. In addition, they could charge interest on loans secured on the deposited gold. Those receipts and written promises were used by some as paper money. William did well enough from all this to buy Lauriston Castle, a g...